Article 36 - 51

Non judicial by nature 

Adopted by Irish constitution 

Socialistic principles 

 The proposal is said to be accepted 

Proposal 

Acceptance 

Promise  

B promise A promiser 

 Historical background of law of contract

Indian contract law 1872

25th April 1872 draft 

1 September 1872 commencement

Substantive law 

Transcational law 

Not exhaustive law 

Proposal 

Offer 

Acceptance 

Agreement 

Essential of  void contract 

Compentancy

Consideration 

Free consent 

Lawful object 

Contract not voidable by law 

Intention to create legal relationship 

Legal formalities must be completed 

 Rylands vs Fletcher 

Independent contractor 

Exceptions:-

Planttif own default

Act of god 

Consent of plaintiff

Act of strangers 

Statutory authority 

Absolute liability 

M c mehta vs union of india 

Excepe is not necessary 

 It is one kind of tort where one person can be held liable for a recognised by another 

Principal agent 

Partners 

Master servant  

Lending a servant to another person 

Course of employment 

Wrongful act authorised by master 

Wrongful act unauthorised mode of performing some act authorises by master 

 Intentional

Any intentional false communication either written or spoken that harms a person's reputation decreases respect regard or confidence in which a person is held 

Kind of defamation

Libel - written

Slander - spoken 

Essential

Statement is false 

It refers to the plaintiff

It has been published

Defence :-

Justification by truth

A fair and Bonafide comment on a matter of public interest 

Privilege - absolute and qualified 

Nuisance 

Unintentional tort 

Public nuisance affects health safety comfort of public at large 

Private nuisance affects particular individual 

Essential :-

Unreasonable interference 

Interference is with enjoyment of property 

Damage  

Tresspass  actionable per se

Property /Body 

Battery 

Malicious prosecution 

 Tort Latin word -Tortum mean Twisted

Uncodified judge made law

Nature :- Civil Wrong which are violation of a right in rem,leading injury and redressible by unliquated damages

It is not breach of contract

Limitation act 2 A defines Tort

Leagl injury:- loss 

Damnum sine injuria:- 

damages without injury

Damage - loss or hurt

Damages - compensation

Gloucester Grammar School case

Moghul steamship corporation vs Mc Gregor Gow & Co

Mayaor of Balford vs Pickles

Ashrafilal V/s Municipal corporation of agra

In Marzetti V/s Willams

Injuria sine Damnum

Violation of leagl right without any damage

Ashby V/s White

General defences

Volenti non fit injuria

Where sufferer is willing no injury

Act of god

There must be natural forces at work

The occurrence must be extraordinary and not one which could be anticipated and reasonably guarded against

Nichols v Marsland lake case

Private defence

Sc 96 to 106 of IPC 

Necessity

Salus populi suprema lex

Welfare of people is the supreme law

Mistake

Plaintiff being a wrongoer

Inevitable accident

Statutory authority

Types of Tort

Fault liability 

Intention negligence reckless

Motive

Malfeasance misfeasance and Nonfeasance 

No fault liability

Negligence

Duty of care

Breach of duty 

Damage

Damage must be not remote

Res ipsa loquitor proof of negligence

Contributory Negligence